Summary
Thermoplastic polyamide elastomers are high-performance thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) block copolymers, based on nylon and polyethers or polyesters. PAEs consist of alternating hard and soft segments joined by amide linkages. They are used mainly in areas where other thermoplastic elastomers cannot compete or perform, especially at lower temperature. Moreover, PAEs can be processed by usual melt-processing techniques, such as injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, rotational molding and thermoforming.
According to APO Research, The global Thermoplastic Polyamide market is projected to grow from US$ million in 2024 to US$ million by 2030, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of % during the forecast period.
The US & Canada market for Thermoplastic Polyamide is estimated to increase from $ million in 2024 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2030.
Asia-Pacific market for Thermoplastic Polyamide is estimated to increase from $ million in 2024 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2030.
The China market for Thermoplastic Polyamide is estimated to increase from $ million in 2024 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2030.
Europe market for Thermoplastic Polyamide is estimated to increase from $ million in 2024 to reach $ million by 2030, at a CAGR of % during the forecast period of 2025 through 2030.
The major global manufacturers of Thermoplastic Polyamide include Arkema, Evonik, EMS-PATVAG, Ube and Mingju Plastics, etc. In 2023, the world's top three vendors accounted for approximately % of the revenue.
In terms of production side, this report researches the Thermoplastic Polyamide production, growth rate, market share by manufacturers and by region (region level and country level), from 2019 to 2024, and forecast to 2030.
In terms of consumption side, this report focuses on the sales of Thermoplastic Polyamide by region (region level and country level), by Company, by Type and by Application. from 2019 to 2024 and forecast to 2030.
This report presents an overview of global market for Thermoplastic Polyamide, capacity, output, revenue and price. Analyses of the global market trends, with historic market revenue or sales data for 2019 - 2023, estimates for 2024, and projections of CAGR through 2030.
This report researches the key producers of Thermoplastic Polyamide, also provides the consumption of main regions and countries. Of the upcoming market potential for Thermoplastic Polyamide, and key regions or countries of focus to forecast this market into various segments and sub-segments. Country specific data and market value analysis for the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Germany, the U.K., Italy, Middle East, Africa, and Other Countries.
This report focuses on the Thermoplastic Polyamide sales, revenue, market share and industry ranking of main manufacturers, data from 2019 to 2024. Identification of the major stakeholders in the global Thermoplastic Polyamide market, and analysis of their competitive landscape and market positioning based on recent developments and segmental revenues. This report will help stakeholders to understand the competitive landscape and gain more insights and position their businesses and market strategies in a better way.
This report analyzes the segments data by Type and by Application, sales, revenue, and price, from 2019 to 2030. Evaluation and forecast the market size for Thermoplastic Polyamide sales, projected growth trends, production technology, application and end-user industry.
Thermoplastic Polyamide segment by Company
Arkema
Evonik
EMS-PATVAG
Ube
Mingju Plastics
Thermoplastic Polyamide segment by Type
PA 12 Type
PA 6 Type
PA 11 Type
Others
Thermoplastic Polyamide segment by Application
Automotive Parts
Sporting Goods
Medical Industry
Others
Thermoplastic Polyamide segment by Region
North America
U.S.
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
India
Australia
China Taiwan
Indonesia
Thailand
Malaysia
Latin America
Mexico
Brazil
Argentina
Colombia
Middle East & Africa
Turkey
Saudi Arabia
UAE
Study Objectives
1. To analyze and research the global status and future forecast, involving, production, value, consumption, growth rate (CAGR), market share, historical and forecast.
2. To present the key manufacturers, capacity, production, revenue, market share, and Recent Developments.
3. To split the breakdown data by regions, type, manufacturers, and Application.
4. To analyze the global and key regions market potential and advantage, opportunity and challenge, restraints, and risks.
5. To identify significant trends, drivers, influence factors in global and regions.
6. To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
Reasons to Buy This Report
1. This report will help the readers to understand the competition within the industries and strategies for the competitive environment to enhance the potential profit. The report also focuses on the competitive landscape of the global Thermoplastic Polyamide market, and introduces in detail the market share, industry ranking, competitor ecosystem, market performance, new product development, operation situation, expansion, and acquisition. etc. of the main players, which helps the readers to identify the main competitors and deeply understand the competition pattern of the market.
2. This report will help stakeholders to understand the global industry status and trends of Thermoplastic Polyamide and provides them with information on key market drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities.
3. This report will help stakeholders to understand competitors better and gain more insights to strengthen their position in their businesses. The competitive landscape section includes the market share and rank (in volume and value), competitor ecosystem, new product development, expansion, and acquisition.
4. This report stays updated with novel technology integration, features, and the latest developments in the market.
5. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into which regions to target globally.
6. This report helps stakeholders to gain insights into the end-user perception concerning the adoption of Thermoplastic Polyamide.
7. This report helps stakeholders to identify some of the key players in the market and understand their valuable contribution.
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by type and by application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 3: Thermoplastic Polyamide production/output of global and key producers (regions/countries). It provides a quantitative analysis of the production, and development potential of each producer in the next six years.
Chapter 4: Sales (consumption), revenue of Thermoplastic Polyamide in global, regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space of each country in the world.
Chapter 5: Detailed analysis of Thermoplastic Polyamide manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and industry ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by type, covering the sales, revenue, average price, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 7: Provides the analysis of various market segments by application, covering the sales, revenue, average price, and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 8: Provides profiles of key manufacturers, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product descriptions and specifications, Thermoplastic Polyamide sales, revenue, price, gross margin, and recent development, etc.
Chapter 9: North America (US & Canada) by type, by application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 10: Europe by type, by application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 11: China by type, by application, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 12: Asia (Excluding China) by type, by application and by region, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 13: Middle East, Africa, Latin America by type, by application and by country, sales, and revenue for each segment.
Chapter 14: Analysis of industrial chain, sales channel, key raw materials, distributors and customers.
Chapter 15: The main concluding insights of the report.
1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Thermoplastic Polyamide Market by Type
1.2.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size by Type, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
1.2.2 PA 12 Type
1.2.3 PA 6 Type
1.2.4 PA 11 Type
1.2.5 Others
1.3 Thermoplastic Polyamide Market by Application
1.3.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size by Application, 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
1.3.2 Automotive Parts
1.3.3 Sporting Goods
1.3.4 Medical Industry
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
1.5 Study Goals and Objectives
2 Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Dynamics
2.1 Thermoplastic Polyamide Industry Trends
2.2 Thermoplastic Polyamide Industry Drivers
2.3 Thermoplastic Polyamide Industry Opportunities and Challenges
2.4 Thermoplastic Polyamide Industry Restraints
3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Overview
3.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Capacity (2019-2030)
3.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production by Region
3.3.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production by Region (2019-2024)
3.3.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production by Region (2025-2030)
3.3.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
3.4 Europe
3.5 USA
3.6 Japan
3.7 China
4 Global Market Growth Prospects
4.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
4.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Region
4.2.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Region (2025-2030)
4.2.4 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
4.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Estimates and Forecasts 2019-2030
4.4 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Region
4.4.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.4.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Region (2019-2024)
4.4.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Region (2025-2030)
4.4.4 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
4.5 US & Canada
4.6 Europe
4.7 China
4.8 Asia (Excluding China)
4.9 Middle East, Africa and Latin America
5 Market Competitive Landscape by Manufacturers
5.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Manufacturers
5.1.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
5.1.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Manufacturers Revenue Share Top 10 and Top 5 in 2023
5.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Manufacturers
5.2.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
5.2.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Manufacturers Sales Share Top 10 and Top 5 in 2023
5.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
5.4 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Key Manufacturers Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
5.5 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Key Manufacturers Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
5.6 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Manufacturers, Product Type & Application
5.7 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Manufacturers Commercialization Time
5.8 Market Competitive Analysis
5.8.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Market CR5 and HHI
5.8.2 2023 Thermoplastic Polyamide Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3
6 Thermoplastic Polyamide Market by Type
6.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type
6.1.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
6.1.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
6.1.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type
6.2.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
6.2.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2019-2030) & (MT)
6.2.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
6.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Type
7 Thermoplastic Polyamide Market by Application
7.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application
7.1.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
7.1.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
7.1.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
7.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application
7.2.1 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
7.2.2 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2019-2030) & (MT)
7.2.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
7.3 Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Application
8 Company Profiles
8.1 Arkema
8.1.1 Arkema Comapny Information
8.1.2 Arkema Business Overview
8.1.3 Arkema Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
8.1.4 Arkema Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Portfolio
8.1.5 Arkema Recent Developments
8.2 Evonik
8.2.1 Evonik Comapny Information
8.2.2 Evonik Business Overview
8.2.3 Evonik Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
8.2.4 Evonik Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Portfolio
8.2.5 Evonik Recent Developments
8.3 EMS-PATVAG
8.3.1 EMS-PATVAG Comapny Information
8.3.2 EMS-PATVAG Business Overview
8.3.3 EMS-PATVAG Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
8.3.4 EMS-PATVAG Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Portfolio
8.3.5 EMS-PATVAG Recent Developments
8.4 Ube
8.4.1 Ube Comapny Information
8.4.2 Ube Business Overview
8.4.3 Ube Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
8.4.4 Ube Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Portfolio
8.4.5 Ube Recent Developments
8.5 Mingju Plastics
8.5.1 Mingju Plastics Comapny Information
8.5.2 Mingju Plastics Business Overview
8.5.3 Mingju Plastics Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
8.5.4 Mingju Plastics Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Portfolio
8.5.5 Mingju Plastics Recent Developments
9 North America
9.1 North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size by Type
9.1.1 North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
9.1.2 North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2019-2030)
9.1.3 North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Type (2019-2030)
9.2 North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size by Application
9.2.1 North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
9.2.2 North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2019-2030)
9.2.3 North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Application (2019-2030)
9.3 North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size by Country
9.3.1 North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
9.3.2 North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
9.3.3 North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Country (2019-2030)
9.3.4 U.S.
9.3.5 Canada
10 Europe
10.1 Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size by Type
10.1.1 Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
10.1.2 Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2019-2030)
10.1.3 Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Type (2019-2030)
10.2 Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size by Application
10.2.1 Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
10.2.2 Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2019-2030)
10.2.3 Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Application (2019-2030)
10.3 Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size by Country
10.3.1 Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
10.3.2 Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
10.3.3 Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Country (2019-2030)
10.3.4 Germany
10.3.5 France
10.3.6 U.K.
10.3.7 Italy
10.3.8 Russia
11 China
11.1 China Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size by Type
11.1.1 China Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
11.1.2 China Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2019-2030)
11.1.3 China Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Type (2019-2030)
11.2 China Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size by Application
11.2.1 China Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
11.2.2 China Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2019-2030)
11.2.3 China Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Application (2019-2030)
12 Asia (Excluding China)
12.1 Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size by Type
12.1.1 Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
12.1.2 Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2019-2030)
12.1.3 Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Type (2019-2030)
12.2 Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size by Application
12.2.1 Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
12.2.2 Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2019-2030)
12.2.3 Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Application (2019-2030)
12.3 Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size by Country
12.3.1 Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
12.3.2 Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
12.3.3 Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Country (2019-2030)
12.3.4 Japan
12.3.5 South Korea
12.3.6 India
12.3.7 Australia
12.3.8 China Taiwan
12.3.9 Southeast Asia
13 Middle East, Africa and Latin America
13.1 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size by Type
13.1.1 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2019-2030)
13.1.2 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2019-2030)
13.1.3 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Type (2019-2030)
13.2 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size by Application
13.2.1 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2019-2030)
13.2.2 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2019-2030)
13.2.3 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Application (2019-2030)
13.3 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size by Country
13.3.1 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
13.3.2 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030)
13.3.3 Middle East, Africa and Latin America Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Country (2019-2030)
13.3.4 Mexico
13.3.5 Brazil
13.3.6 Israel
13.3.7 Argentina
13.3.8 Colombia
13.3.9 Turkey
13.3.10 Saudi Arabia
13.3.11 UAE
14 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
14.1 Thermoplastic Polyamide Value Chain Analysis
14.1.1 Thermoplastic Polyamide Key Raw Materials
14.1.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
14.1.3 Manufacturing Cost Structure
14.1.4 Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Mode & Process
14.2 Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Channels Analysis
14.2.1 Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
14.2.2 Thermoplastic Polyamide Distributors
14.2.3 Thermoplastic Polyamide Customers
15 Concluding Insights
16 Appendix
16.1 Reasons for Doing This Study
16.2 Research Methodology
16.3 Research Process
16.4 Authors List of This Report
16.5 Data Source
16.5.1 Secondary Sources
16.5.2 Primary Sources
16.6 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Table 2. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Table 3. PA 12 Type Major Manufacturers
Table 4. PA 6 Type Major Manufacturers
Table 5. PA 11 Type Major Manufacturers
Table 6. Others Major Manufacturers
Table 7. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size Growth Rate by Application (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Table 8. Automotive Parts Major Manufacturers
Table 9. Sporting Goods Major Manufacturers
Table 10. Medical Industry Major Manufacturers
Table 11. Others Major Manufacturers
Table 12. Thermoplastic Polyamide Industry Trends
Table 13. Thermoplastic Polyamide Industry Drivers
Table 14. Thermoplastic Polyamide Industry Opportunities and Challenges
Table 15. Thermoplastic Polyamide Industry Restraints
Table 16. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (MT)
Table 17. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production by Region (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 18. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production by Region (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 19. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 20. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Table 21. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 22. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Region (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 23. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Region (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 24. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 25. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Table 26. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Grow Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (MT)
Table 27. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Region (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 28. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Region (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 29. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 30. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Table 31. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Manufacturers (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
Table 32. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 33. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Manufacturers (US$ Million) & (2019-2024)
Table 34. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 35. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price (USD/MT) of Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 36. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Key Manufacturers Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
Table 37. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Key Manufacturers Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
Table 38. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Manufacturers, Product Type & Application
Table 39. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Manufacturers Commercialization Time
Table 40. Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 41. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide by Manufacturers Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue of 2023)
Table 42. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 43. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 44. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 45. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 46. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 47. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (MT)
Table 48. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 49. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 50. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 51. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 52. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Type (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)
Table 53. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Type (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)
Table 54. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 55. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 56. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 57. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 58. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 59. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (MT)
Table 60. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 61. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 62. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 63. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 64. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Application (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)
Table 65. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Price by Application (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)
Table 66. Arkema Company Information
Table 67. Arkema Business Overview
Table 68. Arkema Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 69. Arkema Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Portfolio
Table 70. Arkema Recent Development
Table 71. Evonik Company Information
Table 72. Evonik Business Overview
Table 73. Evonik Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 74. Evonik Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Portfolio
Table 75. Evonik Recent Development
Table 76. EMS-PATVAG Company Information
Table 77. EMS-PATVAG Business Overview
Table 78. EMS-PATVAG Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 79. EMS-PATVAG Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Portfolio
Table 80. EMS-PATVAG Recent Development
Table 81. Ube Company Information
Table 82. Ube Business Overview
Table 83. Ube Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 84. Ube Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Portfolio
Table 85. Ube Recent Development
Table 86. Mingju Plastics Company Information
Table 87. Mingju Plastics Business Overview
Table 88. Mingju Plastics Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales (MT), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 89. Mingju Plastics Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Portfolio
Table 90. Mingju Plastics Recent Development
Table 91. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 92. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 93. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 94. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 95. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Type (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)
Table 96. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Type (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)
Table 97. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 98. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 99. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 100. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 101. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Application (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)
Table 102. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Application (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)
Table 103. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 104. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 105. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 106. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030) & (MT)
Table 107. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 108. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Country (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 109. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Country (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)
Table 110. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Country (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)
Table 111. U.S. Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 112. Canada Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 113. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 114. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 115. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 116. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 117. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Type (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)
Table 118. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Type (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)
Table 119. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 120. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 121. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 122. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 123. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Application (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)
Table 124. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Application (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)
Table 125. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 126. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 127. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 128. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030) & (MT)
Table 129. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 130. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Country (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 131. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Country (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)
Table 132. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Country (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)
Table 133. Germany Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 134. France Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 135. Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 136. Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 137. Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 138. China Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 139. China Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 140. China Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 141. China Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 142. China Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Type (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)
Table 143. China Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Type (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)
Table 144. China Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 145. China Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 146. China Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 147. China Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 148. China Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Application (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)
Table 149. China Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Application (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)
Table 150. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 151. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 152. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 153. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 154. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Type (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)
Table 155. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Type (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)
Table 156. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 157. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 158. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 159. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 160. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Application (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)
Table 161. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Application (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)
Table 162. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 163. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 164. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 165. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030) & (MT)
Table 166. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 167. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Country (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 168. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Country (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)
Table 169. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Country (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)
Table 170. Japan Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 171. South Korea Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 172. Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 173. Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 174. Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 175. Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 176. Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 177. Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 178. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 179. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 180. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 181. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 182. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Type (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)
Table 183. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Type (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)
Table 184. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 185. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 186. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 187. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 188. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Application (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)
Table 189. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Application (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)
Table 190. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 191. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 192. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Grow Rate by Country (2025-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 193. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Country (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030) & (MT)
Table 194. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Country (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 195. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Country (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 196. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Country (2019-2024) & (USD/MT)
Table 197. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Price by Country (2025-2030) & (USD/MT)
Table 198. Mexico Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 199. Brazil Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 200. Israel Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 201. Argentina Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 202. Colombia Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 203. Turkey Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 204. Saudi Arabia Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 205. UAE Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Table 206. Key Raw Materials
Table 207. Raw Materials Key Suppliers
Table 208. Thermoplastic Polyamide Distributors List
Table 209. Thermoplastic Polyamide Customers List
Table 210. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 211. Authors List of This Report
Table 212. Secondary Sources
Table 213. Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Thermoplastic Polyamide Product Picture
Figure 2. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 3. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size Share 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 4. PA 12 Type Picture
Figure 5. PA 6 Type Picture
Figure 6. PA 11 Type Picture
Figure 7. Others Picture
Figure 8. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size Growth Rate by Application (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 9. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Market Size Share 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 10. Automotive Parts Picture
Figure 11. Sporting Goods Picture
Figure 12. Medical Industry Picture
Figure 13. Others Picture
Figure 14. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Capacity, Production and Utilization (2019-2030) & (MT)
Figure 15. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (MT)
Figure 16. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Market Share by Region: 2023 Versus 2030
Figure 17. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 18. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (MT)
Figure 19. Europe Major Manufacturers
Figure 20. USA Major Manufacturers
Figure 21. Japan Major Manufacturers
Figure 22. China Major Manufacturers
Figure 23. Region Five Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (MT)
Figure 24. Region Six Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (MT)
Figure 25. Region Seven Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (MT)
Figure 26. Region Eight Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (MT)
Figure 27. Region Nine Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (MT)
Figure 28. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 29. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (2019-2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 30. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue (CAGR) by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 31. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share by Region: 2023 Versus 2030
Figure 32. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 33. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales (2019-2030) & (MT)
Figure 34. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales (CAGR) by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (MT)
Figure 35. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Market Share by Region (2019-2030)
Figure 36. US & Canada Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (MT)
Figure 37. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (MT)
Figure 38. China Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (MT)
Figure 39. Asia (Excluding China) Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (MT)
Figure 40. Middle East, Africa and Latin America (Excluding China) Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales YoY (2019-2030) & (MT)
Figure 41. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Manufacturers Revenue Share Top 10 and Top 5 in 2023
Figure 42. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Manufacturers Sales Share Top 10 and Top 5 in 2023
Figure 43. Manufacturers Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 44. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 46. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 47. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Type (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030) & (MT)
Figure 48. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Market Share by Type 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 49. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 50. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030) & (US$ Million)
Figure 51. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share by Application 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 52. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 53. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales by Application (2019 VS 2023 VS 2030) & (MT)
Figure 54. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Market Share by Application 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 55. Global Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 56. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 57. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 58. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 59. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 60. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 61. North America Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 62. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 63. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 64. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 65. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 66. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 67. Europe Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 68. China Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 69. China Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 70. China Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 71. China Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 72. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 73. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 74. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 75. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 76. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 77. Asia Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 78. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 79. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Share by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 80. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 81. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Share by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 82. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Revenue Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 83. MEALA Thermoplastic Polyamide Sales Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 84. Thermoplastic Polyamide Value Chain
Figure 85. Manufacturing Cost Structure
Figure 86. Thermoplastic Polyamide Production Mode & Process
Figure 87. Direct Comparison with Distribution Share
Figure 88. Distributors Profiles
Figure 89. Years Considered
Figure 90. Research Process
Figure 91. Key Executives Interviewed
